![]() ![]() Conversely, there are fundamental limits on uncertainty, such as those due to Heisenberg relations, that are imposed by physical laws. The technical one is mostly represented by the accidental error, due to out-of-control imperfections in the measurement process. The statistical error, which affects the measurement result, can have different natures: technical or fundamental. Together with each experimental estimate, an uncertainty has to be provided, that is, the “parameter, associated with the result of a measurement that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measured quantity”. The goal of a measure is to associate a value with a physical quantity, giving an estimate of it. One of the basic pillars of physical science is the measurement process. The authors conclude by discussing the current experimental and theoretical challenges and the open questions toward implementation of photonic quantum sensors with quantum-enhanced performances in the presence of noise. Furthermore, the authors present the research area of multiparameter quantum metrology, where multiple parameters have to be estimated at the same time. The authors describe the current state of the art in the field in terms of platforms and quantum resources. Here, the authors review the basic concepts behind quantum metrology and then focus on the application of photonic technology for this task, with particular attention to phase estimation. Several physical quantum systems can be employed to develop quantum sensors, and photonic systems represent ideal probes for a large number of metrological tasks. The aim of this research field is the estimation of unknown parameters exploiting quantum resources, whose application can lead to enhanced performances with respect to classical strategies. ![]() Quantum metrology is one of the most promising applications of quantum technologies. ![]()
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